Phenytoin, minoxidil, isoniazid, procainamide, hydralazine, methyldopa, doxorubicin, amiodarone, clozapine, streptomycin Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, dermatomyositis, sarcoidosis, systemic vasculitides, Behçet's syndrome, familial Mediterranean feverĬatheterisation, surgery, chest trauma, radiation Hypothyroidism, renal failure, hypercholesterolaemia, gout, anorexia nervosaĪcute myocardial infarction, Dressler's syndrome, aortic dissection Secondary tumours: leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, Rare (with the exception of mycobacterium tuberculosis)Ĭandida, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, streptococcus, staphylococcus, pneumococcus, legionella, salmonella, haemophilus Most frequent cause in developed countries Main Causes of Acute Pericarditis Įpstein-Barr, influenza, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, mumps, echovirus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, varicella, rubella, human herpesvirus, parvovirus, coxsackie
Notably, the most common noninfectious causes are secondary to autoimmune diseases, metastatic tumours and post-cardiac injury syndrome. With regard to endemic regions, tuberculosis often coexists with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, the most common cause of pericarditis in developed countries is viruses, whereas tuberculosis is the most frequent cause in developing countries. The aetiology is multifactorial and depends on the epidemiological background, patient population and clinical setting. Causes of acute pericarditis can be broadly classified into infectious and non-infectious (Table 1). Pericarditis may be an isolated disease or the first manifestation of an underlying systemic disease. This article reviews the causes, clinical picture, inflammatory parameters, electrocardiogram (ECG) and multimodality imaging findings and briefly discusses the differential diagnosis of acute pericarditis. Acute pericarditis is the most common pericardial syndrome in clinical practice. It represents 0.2% of all hospital admissions of cardiovascular aetiology and approximately 5% of patients with nonischaemic aetiology chest pain, presenting in the emergency departments of North America and Western Europe. Pericarditis is the most common form of pericardial disease worldwide and is typically encountered in young and middle-aged people. The main pericardial syndromes encompass pericarditis (acute, subacute, chronic, recurrent), pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade and pericardial masses. Inflammation of the pericardial sac is called pericarditis.
In physiologic conditions, the pericardial cavity contains 10 mL to 50 mL of plasma ultrafiltrate (i.e. It consists of two layers: a serous visceral (inner portion) and a fibrous parietal layer (outer portion). The pericardium, derived from the Greek words περί, 'around', and κάρδιον, 'heart', is a thin fibroelastic sac which contains the heart and roots of the great vessels.
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